Seven Traditions in the Field of Communication Theory

 According to Griffin's article, we saw seven traditions for communication such as The socio-physical ,The cybernetic, The rhetorical, The semiotic,The socio- cultural, The Critical, The Phenomenological and The ethnical Theories. These Theories separated in two parts. One of them is " Working definitions for the concepts of communication and theory," Second one is "The basic differences between objective and interpretive communication theories. We also can see the describes the field of communication theory as awash with hundreds of unrelated theories that differ in starting point , method and conclusion in this article.

     

       In chapters, we are going to explain some parts of theories. We can easily see the information source which transfers each other. It's also about with technology. Technology also transfers something to other ones. As we know Technology related to all kind of tools in the world that we live in. This field of theory can cover the other theories. In briefly we can say that the kind of basic of communication. Someone can ask that question ; " When we communicate each other by face to face,  will it be a process of technological communication? " If we could not say certain information about this communication, It 'is also related to technologies. As we know it from Patrice Flichy article, technology drives the history and people. 

       In part of Socio-Psychological Tradition about Interpersonal and Influence. The socio-Psychological can be introduced as tradition that epitomizes the scientific or objective perspective and It is believed that there are communication truths that can be discovered by careful, systematic observation. In these part, Someone can ask some question to change her or his world , As an example from text " What can I do to get them to change" It is briefly about their socio-psychological situation.

       We have also some information about cyber tradition in these communication theories. Cyber is an important tools to communicate for people. It is also the easiest way to do it. As it knows , It was developed during second world war by Norbert Wiener. This theory was developed by Shanon and Weaver's model of communication. 

As you see in the description below , all concept is about cyber.

(The Shannon–Weaver model of communication has been called the "mother of all models." It embodies the concepts of information source,  message,  transmitter,  signal, channel, noise, receiver, information destination, probability of error, coding, decoding, information rate, channel capacity, etc.) (Wikipedia)

The Critical Tradition is about Reflective Challenge and Unjust Discourse. “ The term critical theory comes from the work of a group of German scholars known as the “ Frankfurt School” because they were part of the independent Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University.”  We can collect this topic in three titles. Three of them are  “ The control of language to perpetuate power imbalances”, “ The role of mass media in dulling sensitivity to repression”, Blind  reliance on the scientific method and uncritical acceptance of empirical findings.

As last, I would like to explain “ The Phenomenological Tradition” This term also takes a part in psychology and it basically refers to the intentional analysis of everyday life from the standpoint of the person who is living it.

Roman Jakobson

•                                      Who is this man ;  Roman JAKOBSON 

•     He was born in 1896, Moscow And he dead in 1982 in Boston.He was  Russian linguist and semiotist. Jakobson was the founder of the structural analysis of language and a key figure in 20th century structuralism. He started the university 1914 with the Department of Slavic studies at Moscow State University. In 1915 he became a founder and leader of Moscow Linguistic Circle and became interested in Edmund Husserl and Ferdinand de Saussure. Under their influence, Jakobson proposed the idea of the analysis of the structure of linguistic phenomena, but not the history of development of idioms and words across time, as in official neogrammarian studies of language.

What did he do after 1920 in Linguistic Area ?

•1920 He became a professor and moved to Prag

•1923 He helped the Prag Linguistic Circle to develop Czech Poems.

•1926 He became vice-president in Prag Lingiustic Circle till 1938.

•1938-1941 He published his books in Norwage “Kinder-sprache”(Child Language) and “Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze” (General Sounds Laws)

His Life in Amerika

•After 41’s, He moved to America and worked as  lecturer in Newyork and Harward University until 1958.

•His Linguistic Research, Assessment and Books in America

•

•Preliminaries to Speech Analysis (with G. Fant and M. Halle,), 1952.

•Closing Statements: Linguistics and Poetics." Thomas A. Sebeok, Style In Language, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1960.

•Selected Writings, VII. Edited by S. Rudy, 113-121, The Hague: Mouton, 

1985.

•Style in language, Ed. by T. Sebeok, Wiley New York 1960, pp. 350-377

•Essais de linguistique générale. Vol.2, Rapports internes et externes du langage, Les Editions de Minuit Paris 1973

Some Press Companies and Universities also published some writing of him after his death in 1990

•On Language. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Russian Language Project, 1990.

•

• “Lectures on Sound & Meaning,” in On Language. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Linguistic Examples in Turkey that influence from Jakobson

•Intralingual translation *“henüz on yedi yaşında (He is seventeen years old yet)” 1881 Ahmet Mithat Efendi (It was translated from Ottoman Turkish to Turkey Turkish with Intralingual approach )

•Intrelingual translation *“kara kitap(black book)” 1990 Orhan Pamuk ( It was translated from Turkish to English with Intrelingual approach)

•The story of Bilge Karasu’s were read by Barış Pirhasan , After He read her scenario , He changed the some parts of scenario and created the new one.(This is an example of Jakobson’s intersemiotic and interlingual approach) 

•NOTE!! Jakobson believed that ‘There is not any equal system in the translation between languages. After that speech, he created a new approach such as “untranslatability”. According to Jakobson , Translation is a kind of intersemiotic transposition between literature to cinema,dance, paint and music.

What did he do for communication process?

•He firstly created the six functions of language for we need to communicate. It might be found before Jakobson Hovewer these process tried to explain the situation between Language and Communication.

•Semiotics also were great resource for folklore , People who studies folklore has been influence by Jakobson’s approach.

                                      The six functions of language

•The Referential Function 

•Corresponds to the factor of Context and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the referential function can consist of both definite descriptions and deictic words, for example. "The autumn leaves have all fallen now."

•The Expressive (alternatively called "emotive" or "affective") Function 

•Relates to the Addresser and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add information about the Addresser's (speaker's) internal state, e.g. "Wow, what a view!"

•The Conative Function 

•Engages the Addressee directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives, for example "Tom! Come inside and eat!"

•The Poetic Function 

•Focuses on "the message for its own sake" and is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.

•The Phatic Function 

•The Phatic Function is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore associated with the Contact factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers.

•The Metalingual (alternatively called "metalinguistic" or "reflexive") Function :The Metalingual is the use of language (what Jakobson calls "Code") to discuss or describe itself.

NEW MEDİA HİSTORY

Patrice FLICHY- NEW MEDİA HİSTORY

Techlonogy always drove the history since 1920’s with radio.When we check the media history out , We can see the lies behind the theories.Everyone was expecting awesome things from few machines such as to determine the organisation of work, our leisure activities and it was a way of thinking.According to David Noble’s opinion , automaticly controlled machine tools were not the best way and cannot be understood without simulteneously its use and the choices made by its degisners.

After the second world war , there were two production. First of them was record playback machines that recorded the design of a part drawn by a human and produced copies.Second of them was the numeric machines which dont need to memorize human.It was working working with programing. The numeric machines was said the begining of the computer.

There were some different solutions in technologies.While some techlonogies were developing the old ones stay in the deep history.Because some of companies were paying much moneys to be succesful.For example RCA videodisk were sold 500.000 copies in three years.Although they sold their production 500.000copies they were not succesfull.Because of the pruducts were not properly coordinated and the other companies development.These were the underlying cause of the videodisk’s failure.According to Akrich, Innovation is the art of involving a growing number of allies who are made stronger and stronger.This example is French Telecom.

Boundary Objects situated at the intersection of several social worlds which meet the needs of all worlds simultaneously.They are objects which are both plactic enough to adapt to local needs and the constraints of the several parties employing them.Robust also enought to maintain a common identity.

A boundary object is the result of complex interactşon between the different actors concerned. When we look out the Macintosh and Apple companies, boss of Apple ‘Steve Jobs’ joined the Macintosh and it was producting with some of ‘’Macintosh XL’’ so that if effected to discuss for people.

Boundary objects is very useful for the study of specific cases, Other perspectives are needed to analyse more long-term phenemom.

The Path-Dependency concept devşse by economist and historian Paul David. If we need to give an example for this.IBM’s entry into the PC market is an interesting example of the path dependency. Big blue was aware that this made of organisation to produce a fundamentally different computer.In fact After IBM choose the Microsoft as operating system .They growed theirself in therre years ten times more. Finally These kind of situation effected to users habits.

While the techlonogy developing, Engineer’s view became important in 70’s and 80’s years.Some of engineers wanted to develop calcuation tool and tried to explain means of communication with their communication experience.They also wanted to spread out the common network.(exchanging vast amounts of both information and social-emotional communications with collegues, friends and strangers who share similar interests) for all over the nation.Thus spreading started to seem after 90’s years by Rheingold.Morever Engineers ask to defence their system from hackers.They did some common projects among hackers.Otherwise They shared the same principles.

Repsentation of Media totally was about wireless communication.Especcially Susan Douglas was wondering and studying the enthusiats of the wireless.Francis Collins also tried to describe the partices of new users of the wireless with his opinion.When we check 40’s , 50’s years out again, Wireless mania appeared.It was begining with radio.It was effecting the new community feelings.Thus  It was a result of the living together and doing something together.These development caused to find new information about wireless communication.End of the 60’s internet was found.Actually Internet was used to communicate in soldeir union in America called ARPANET.After these years ,interpersonal communication, Mass communication become important.

Information and Communication teclonogies (ICT)generally developed between the nineteenth and twentieth centruies with ICT’s economic activities.It was the kind of changing which comes with revulation.It was covering the organization of material processing established in industries. Telecomunications used by disturbution and mass media used by marketing.It also was micro processing and computing techlonogy.

Thus deveplopment also chanced the private life immediatly.There were some ICT intrusion to private life.If we count them, It tried to get lost human personality.So that People stay şn the silence.It finished to human’s life.People became ordinary while were their photograps taken and were copied a thausand times. They become a decor for a catalogue.

                        In breifly People were started to copy.